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Alex Fulton

Alex Fulton has been working in the wellness field for more than 20 years. She has written extensively about integrative medicine, herbalism, supplements and other topics related to holistic health. Alex also focuses on issues related to women's health, from menstruation to menopause. She has collaborated with physicians, midwives and functional medicine practitioners to promote natural approaches to health care for women. She has a BA in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

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Understanding the Different Types of Covid-19 Vaccines

Understanding the Different Types of Covid-19 Vaccines

Did you know there are three types of Covid-19 vaccines? Understanding your options can help you choose what’s best for you.

Your Health
vaccines

Reviewed by Sabra Klein, Ph.D.

Infographic Understanding the Different Types of Covid-19 Vaccines. Click the image to open the PDF

As of December 2022, 313 million Americans in the U.S. — 9 out of 10 people —- were unvaccinated against Covid-19, had not completed their primary series or had not gotten a booster dose.

Now that a few types of Covid-19 vaccines are available, experts hope more people will feel comfortable getting vaccinated.

Getting a Covid-19 vaccine isn’t a “take it or leave it situation” — you have the freedom to choose which one is right for you.

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the disease, Covid-19

Did you know?

Corona means crown, and coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface

How do Covid-19 vaccines work?

Coronaviruses have a crown-like spike on their surface, called spike proteins. All of the authorized and/or approved Covid-19 vaccines trigger the immune system to make antibodies against the spike protein to help fight the virus.

There are several types of Covid-19 vaccines

They work differently from one another

Step 1: Depending on the type of vaccine, it either introduces the spike protein to the body or gives the body instructions for how to make the spike protein.

Protein subunit vaccines contain spike proteins — pieces of the virus that causes Covid-19 — but since it’s not the whole virus, they’re harmless.

When you’re vaccinated, nearby cells pick up the spike proteins.

mRNA vaccines teach cells how to make copies of the spike protein.

After the protein copy is made, our cells break down the mRNA and get rid of it.

Viral vector vaccines use a “vector virus,” which is a harmless version of a virus (not SARS-CoV-2) that teaches our cells how to make a spike protein.

Then all vaccines follow the next two steps:

Step 2. The immune system realizes that the spike proteins do not belong in the body and creates antibodies to fight them off.

Step 3. Once the immune system knows how to fight the spike proteins, it will be ready to respond quickly to the actual virus if you are exposed to it — and protect you from Covid-19.

All three types of vaccines — protein subunit, mRNA and viral vector:

  • Have been studied for decades
  • Do not affect or interact with DNA and cannot change or influence our genes
  • Do not contain live SARS-CoV-2 and cannot cause Covid-19
  • Are safe, including in children

Why get vaccinated?

  • Covid-19 vaccines are safe and effective at helping to protect people from getting seriously ill or being hospitalized.
  • Covid-19 vaccines can offer added protection to people who have already had Covid, including preventing infection from new variants.

There is a Covid-19 vaccine that can meet your needs. Knowing your options can help you choose the Covid-19 vaccine that’s best for you and your family.

This resource was created with support from Novavax.

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