Founder and President of Institute for Women’s Health Strategies
CEO, Alliance of Sleep Apnea Partners
Monica Mallampalli, Ph.D. is a trained biomedical scientist and brings a unique perspective to women’s health — from science and research to policy and advocacy. Dr. Mallampalli considers herself a women’s health advocate. Using the lens of sex and gender differences, she has brought attention to knowledge gaps in science and policy in several areas of women’s health, including chronic pain, sleep health, cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health, autoimmune disease, mental health, breast cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, urological health and clinical trials. Dr. Mallampalli has authored many research papers and opinion articles, and has been interviewed by the media on multiple occasions.
Previously, Dr. Mallampalli served as the senior scientific advisor at HealthyWomen, where she brought national attention to women and chronic pain, and she now serves as the chair of HealthyWomen’s chronic pain advisory council, which she established in 2020. Prior to HealthyWomen, Dr. Mallampalli served as the vice president of scientific affairs at the Society for Women’s Health Research (SWHR). Dr. Mallampalli has also worked at the National Institutes of Health as a Health policy analyst and as a research fellow. She obtained her post-doctoral fellowship at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine’s Department of Cell biology.
She earned her Ph.D. at the University of Utah in Human Genetics and received a Master of Sciences with a concentration in biochemistry from Osmania University in India. Dr. Mallampalli is the founder and CEO of the Institute for Women’s Health Strategies focused on applying data-driven strategies and solutions to advance and improve the science of women’s health. Currently, she serves as the executive Director at the Alliance of Sleep Apnea Partners (ASAP).
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This Op-Ed first appeared at the Center for Biosimilars
The cost of prescription drugs in this country is high and continues to increase. Estimates vary, but a recent Health Affairs analysis put spending for prescription drugs in the US at $480 billion in 2016, about 15 percent of overall health care spending that year.1 That amount is expected to increase 2 percent to 5 percent per year over the next 5 years, far exceeding medical inflation.2
Much of the cost is related to highly complex biologic medicines that target diseases such as autoimmune conditions and cancer. In 2020, it is estimated that specialty medications will account for half of all drug spending in the United States, even though just 1 percent to 2 percent of Americans use them.3 The increase comes not just from the introduction of new drugs, but from manufacturers increasing the cost of existing drugs.
All of these facts are of particular concern to women. Not only are we the gatekeepers to health care for our families, but we use far more health care than men and often have fewer financial resources to pay for it. Indeed, according to a report by Biosimilars Council in 2017, we make up 67 percent of the patient population for most specialty drugs, given our higher rates of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers. One of the key findings of the council's report is that biosimilars would give women greater access to biological therapies at a lower cost.
The entrance of biosimilars into the US market was supposed to address the cost crisis. A 2018 RAND report estimated up to $54 billion in cost savings from biosimilars in the United States between 2017 and 2026, about 3 percent of total biologic spending.4
That promise is still far on the horizon, however. Even though the FDA has approved 25 biosimilars to date, just a handful are on the market. With little competition, the price differential is typically only about 15 percent less than the wholesale price of the reference product.5 Numerous other barriers are also responsible for the slow uptake, particularly knowledge gaps about the efficacy, safety, and the cost of biosimilars among health care providers and patients.
For instance, one survey of 362 members of the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, 96 percent of whom were living with an autoimmune disease, found that more than 80 percent did not know what biosimilar medicines were, and about 52 percent did not understand how they differed from their reference drugs.
Our own survey of about 200 women found that 70 percent did not understand biologics or biosimilars. Also, 70 percent of women surveyed were concerned about the cost of medicines, and 65 percent surveyed were very likely to use affordable medicines if they had access to them. The good news is that a majority of women surveyed knew that biosimilars are not generics. However, women also indicated that they do not believe that biosimilars were more affordable than biologics.
Another large study of 635 patients in the United States who were diagnosed with an autoimmune disease or cancer (65 percent of whom were women) found that 54 percent had never heard of biosimilars, and only 9 percent had “at least a general impression.”6
What strikes me most about this last study is the finding that the more patients knew about biosimilars, the more comfortable they were switching to one from a reference product, and the more likely they were to believe biosimilars were safe, effective, and affordable. The results, the authors wrote, demonstrated a major need for education about biosimilars. A good approach, they suggested, is through partnerships with advocacy groups, physicians, and the drug manufacturers.6
We agree. To realize the potential of biosimilars to reduce spending on specialty drugs and improve access, we must make patients and providers part of the conversation and provide the kind of education and training required to help them understand the complexities of biosimilars and their potential for improving women's lives.
We started this effort in October, when we convened the Biosimilars and Women's Health Science & Policy Forum in Washington, DC, bringing together about 60 diverse stakeholders, including women's health advocates, policy makers, clinicians, and government agency representatives, to discuss where we are today with biosimilar development in the United States. This forum exemplifies our efforts to bring together experts with varied perspectives on issues important to women's health and to instill women's voices and insights into scientific topics and areas of innovation.
The potential and promise of biosimilars are there—it is up to all of us to bring it to reality so we can expand access to safe, effective, affordable drugs for women.
References
1. Yu NL, Atteberry P, Bach PB. Spending on prescription drugs in the US: where does all the money go? [published online July 31, 2018.] Health Aff (Millwood). doi: 10.1377/hblog20180726.670593.
2. Wineinger NE, Zhang Y, Topol EJ. Trends in prices of popular brand-name prescription drugs in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e194791-e194791. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4791.
3. Brill A, Ippolito B. The economics of biologic drugs: a further response to Bach et al [published online August 8, 2019]. Health Aff Millwood. doi:
10.1377/hblog20190807.554429.
4. Mucahy AW, Hlavka JP, Case SR. Biosimilar cost savings in the United States: initial experience and future potential. Rand Health Q. 2018;7(4):3. PMCID: PMC6075809.
5. Yeh TC, Jeune-Smith Y, Phillips E, Gajra A, Feinberg B. US community rheumatologists' knowledge and perceptions of biosimilar expanded indication approval by extrapolation. Presented at: The American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting, November 8-13, 2019; Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract 1118.
6. Jacobs I, Singh E, Sewell KL, Al-Sabbagh A, Shane LG. Patient attitudes and understanding about biosimilars: an international cross-sectional survey. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:937-948. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S104891.
