References

• Seafood: New Research on Its Health Benefits • Seven Myths and Facts about Seafood • Test Your Fish Smarts

Myth 1:
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. What you need to know about mercury in fish or shellfish. March 2004. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/admehg3.html
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish. Accessed November 2005. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html
3. American Heart Association. Fish, Levels of mercury and omega-3 fatty acids. Accessed November 2005. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3013797
4. Commission on Life Sciences (CLS). Chapter 8: Risk Characterization and public health implications. In: Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2000. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309071402/html
5. Smith KM and Sahyoun NR. Fish consumption: recommendations versus advisories, can they be reconciled? Nutrition Reviews 2006;63(2):39-46.
6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Backgrounder for the 2004 FDA/EPA Consumer Advisory: What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish. March 2004. http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/mercury/backgrounder.html
7. International Food Information Council. Fish & your health. March 2002. http://www.ific.org/publications/brochures/fishbroch.cfm
8. International Food Information Council. Omega-3 fatty acids and health. March/April 2001. http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2001/ma/omega3fi201.cfm
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005. January 2005. http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/ and http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/default.htm
10. Williams C, Birch EE, Emmett PM et al. Stereoacuity at age 3.5 y in children born full-term is associated with prenatal and postnatal dietary factors: a report from a population-based cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):316-22.
11. Malcolm CA, McCulloch DL, Montgomery C et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, randomised trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(5):F383-90.
12. Oken E, Wright RO, Kleinman KP et al. Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(10):1376-80.
Al MD, van Houwelingen AC, Hornstra AG. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):285S-91S.
14. Cohen JT, Bellinger DC, Connor WE et al. A Quantitative analysis of prenatal intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive development. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):366-74.
15. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K et al. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):e39-44.
16. A Quantitative analysis of fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):335-46.
17. A Quantitative analysis of fish consumption and stroke risk. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):347-52.
18. MacLean CH, Issa AM, Newberry SJ et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function with aging, dementia, and neurological diseases.
Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2005;(114):1-3.
19. American Heart Association. Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: AHA Recommendation. Accessed November 2005. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632

Myth 2:
1. International Food Information Council. Omega-3 fatty acids and health. March/April 2001. http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2001/ma/omega3fi201.cfm
2. Williams C, Birch EE, Emmett PM et al. Stereoacuity at age 3.5 y in children born full-term is associated with prenatal and postnatal dietary factors: a report from a population-based cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):316-22.
3. Malcolm CA, McCulloch DL, Montgomery C et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, andomized trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(5):F383-90.
4. Al MD, van Houwelingen AC, Hornstra AG. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):285S-91S.
5. Cohen JT, Bellinger DC, Connor WE et al. A Quantitative analysis of prenatal intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive development. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):366-74.
6. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K et al. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):e39-44.
7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. What you need to know about mercury in fish or shellfish. March 2004. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/admehg3.html
8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Backgrounder for the 2004 FDA/EPA Consumer Advisory: What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish. March 2004. http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/mercury/backgrounder.html
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish. Accessed November 2005. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html

Myth 3:
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. What you need to know about mercury in fish or shellfish. March 2004. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/admehg3.html
2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Backgrounder for the 2004 FDA/EPA Consumer Advisory: What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish. March 2004. http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/mercury/backgrounder.html
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish. Accessed November 2005. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html
4. Burger J and Gochfield M. Mercury in canned tuna: white versus light and temporal variation. Environmental Research 2004;96:239-49.
5. American Heart Association. Fish, Levels of mercury and omega-3 fatty acids. Accessed November 2005. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3013797
6. Commission on Life Sciences (CLS). Chapter 8: Risk Characterization and public health implications. In: Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2000. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309071402/html
7. Smith KM and Sahyoun NR. Fish consumption: recommendations versus advisories, can they be reconciled? Nutrition Reviews 2006;63(2):39-46.
8. American Heart Association. Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: AHA Recommendation. Accessed November 2005.
9. International Food Information Council. Fish & your health. March 2002. http://www.ific.org/publications/brochures/fishbroch.cfm
10. International Food Information Council. Omega-3 fatty acids and health. March/April 2001. http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2001/ma/omega3fi201.cfm

Myth 4:
1. Center for Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture Policy, University of Maryland. About Mercury and Methylmercury. Accessed November 2005. http://www.realmercuryfacts.com/about_mercury/index.htm
2. Commission on Life Sciences (CLS). Chapter 8: Risk Characterization and public health implications. In: Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2000. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309071402/html

Myth 5:
1. International Food Information Council. Fish & your health. March 2002. http://www.ific.org/publications/brochures/fishbroch.cfm
2. International Food Information Council. Omega-3 fatty acids and health. March/April 2001. http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2001/ma/omega3fi201.cfm
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005. January 2005. http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/ and http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/default.htm
4. McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):281-95.
5. SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005 Jan;24(1):87-138.
6. Djousse L, Arnett DK, Carr JJ et al. Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Circulation. 2005;111(22):2921-6.
7. A Quantitative analysis of fish consumption and stroke risk. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):347-52.

Myth 6:
1. Center for Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture Policy, University of Maryland. About Mercury and Methylmercury. Accessed November 2005. http://www.realmercuryfacts.com/about_mercury/index.htm
2. Kraepiel AML, Keller K, Chin HB et al. Sources and variations of mercury in tuna. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37(24):5551-8.

Myth 7:
1. University of California Davis. Consumer tips for purchasing high-quality seafood. Accessed November 2005. http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/quality.htm
2. National Fisheries Institute. Accessed November 2005. http://www.aboutseafood.com/index.cfm
3. U.S. Tuna Foundation. Accessed November 2005. http://www.tunafacts.com/

Create Date: 11/30/05
Date Last Updated: 11/20/06

Funded by an unrestricted educational grant from the U.S. Tuna Foundation.